An investigation was carried out into the effect of four different treatments on the permeability of the cell surface membranes and tonoplasts of beetroot cells. Beetroot cell vacuoles contain a red pigment. This pigment cannot diffuse through the tonoplasts or cell surface membranes. $$$1 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$$$ cubes were cut from beetroot tissue and washed in running water for 20 minutes to remove any pigment released from damaged cells. Two cubes were then placed in each of the four test-tubes containing different contents and observed for five minutes. Which row shows a correct explanation for the observation recorded for one of the treatments?

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9700_w24_qp_11 Year：2024 Question No：19

Answer:

Knowledge points:

10.1.1 state that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and are transmissible

10.1.2.1 cholera – caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae

10.1.2.2 malaria – caused by the protoctists Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax

10.1.2.3 tuberculosis (TB) – caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis

10.1.2.4 HIV/AIDS – caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

10.1.3 explain how cholera, malaria, TB and HIV are transmitted

10.1.4 discuss the biological, social and economic factors that need to be considered in the prevention and control of cholera, malaria, TB and HIV (details of the life cycle of the malarial parasite are not expected)

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Knowledge points:

Solution:

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