Approximately $$$2 \times 10^{9}$$$ people in the world are currently infected with the bacterial disease tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Early diagnosis is important so that treatment can begin. APOPO is a non-profit organisation that has trained African giant pouched rats, Cricetomys gambianus, to use their sense of smell to detect $$$M$$$. tuberculosis. They do this by sniffing a sample of thick mucus from the lungs of people who may have TB. The African giant pouched rats are able to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis with an accuracy of 87-93\%. Fig. 8.1 shows an African giant pouched rat. (i) The type of receptor cell used by African giant pouched rats to detect $$$M$$$. tuberculosis is the same as that used in human taste buds. Name this type of receptor cell. ................................................................................................................................. (ii) Suggest why African giant pouched rats trained to detect M. tuberculosis may also be able to detect other species of Mycobacterium that cause TB. ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . .................................................................................................................................

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9700_m24_qp_42 Year：2024 Question No：8(a)

Answer:

10.2.1 outline how penicillin acts on bacteria and why antibiotics do not affect viruses

10.2.2 discuss the consequences of antibiotic resistance and the steps that can be taken to reduce its impact

11.2.1 relate the molecular structure of antibodies to their functions

11.2.2 outline the hybridoma method for the production of monoclonal antibodies

11.2.3 outline the principles of using monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of disease and in the treatment of disease

11.2.4 describe the differences between active immunity and passive immunity and between natural immunity and artificial immunity

11.2.5 explain that vaccines contain antigens that stimulate immune responses to provide long-term immunity

11.2.6 explain how vaccination programmes can help to control the spread of infectious diseases