Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of a section through a human heart. A red blood cell enters the vena cava at A in Fig. 3.1. Explain how the red blood cell is moved from the vena cava to the aorta.

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：0610_s23_qp_43 Year：2023 Question No：3(c)

Answer:

Knowledge points:

9.2.1 Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries

9.2.10 Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate

9.2.11 Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease

9.2.12 Describe ways in which coronary heart disease may be treated, limited to drug treatment with aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and bypass)

9.2.2 State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins

9.2.3 State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing

9.2.4 Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on the pulse rate

9.2.5 Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors as diet, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender

9.2.6 Name and identify the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart

9.2.7 Explain the relative thickness: – of the muscle wall of the left and right ventricles – of the muscle wall of the atria compared to that of the ventricles

9.2.8 Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

9.2.9 Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves

9.4.1 List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

9.4.2 Identify red and white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs

9.4.3 State the functions of the following components of blood

9.4.4 Identify lymphocyte and phagocyte white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs

9.4.5 State the functions of: – lymphocytes – antibody production – phagocytes – phagocytosis

9.4.6 Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh

9.4.7 State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and preventing the entry of pathogens

9.4.8 Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid (details of the roles of water potential and hydrostatic pressure are not required)

Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of a section through a human heart. A red blood cell enters the vena cava at A in Fig. 3.1. Explain how the red blood cell is moved from the vena cava to the aorta.

Answer:

Knowledge points:

Solution:

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