Fig. 6.1 is a simplified diagram representing a section through the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particle that causes HIV/AIDS. The diagram shows the virus particle about to attach to the cell surface membrane of a T-helper cell at a receptor protein called CD4. A second protein (coreceptor) called CCR5 is also necessary for the virus particle to enter and then infect the T-helper cell. The use of monoclonal antibodies against the CCR5 coreceptor protein (anti-CCR5) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of HIV infection. Outline how anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies can be synthesised in the laboratory using the hybridoma method. ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . .........................................................................................................................................

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9700_m24_qp_22 Year：2024 Question No：6(d)

Answer:

11.1.1 describe the mode of action of phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)

11.1.2 explain what is meant by an antigen (see 4.1.3) and state the difference between self antigens and non-self antigens

11.1.3.1 macrophages

11.1.3.2 B-lymphocytes, including plasma cells

11.1.3.3 T-lymphocytes, limited to T-helper cells and T-killer cells

11.1.4 explain the role of memory cells in the secondary immune response and in long-term immunity