Fig. 3.1 shows a kidney nephron and its associated blood vessels. Fig. 3.1 The compositions of fluids A, B and C were analysed. Table 3.1 shows the results for five components of the fluids. Table 3.1 (i) State the names of fluid $$$\mathbf{A}$$$ and fluid $$$\mathbf{C}$$$ in Fig. 3.1. A .................................................................................................................................... C .................................................................................................................................... (ii) Using the information in Fig. 3.1 and Table 3.1, describe and explain the differences in the compositions of fluids $$$\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}$$$ and $$$\mathbf{C}$$$. ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . .................................................................................................................................

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：0610_w24_qp_42 Year：2024 Question No：3(a)

Answer:

13.1.1 State that urea is formed in the liver from excess amino acids

13.1.10 Outline the structure and functioning of a kidney tubule, including

13.1.11 Explain dialysis in terms of salt balance, the maintenance of glucose concentration and the removal of urea

13.1.12 Describe the use of dialysis in kidney machines

13.1.13 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplants, compared with dialysis

13.1.2 State that carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs

13.1.3 State that the kidneys excrete urea and excess water and salts

13.1.4 Explain that the volume and concentration of urine produced is affected by water intake, temperature and exercise

13.1.5 Identify on drawings, diagrams and images, the ureters, bladder and urethra

13.1.6 Describe the role of the liver in the assimilation of amino acids by converting them to proteins, including plasma proteins, e.g. fibrinogen

13.1.7 Define deamination as the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea

13.1.8 Explain the need for excretion, limited to toxicity of urea and carbon dioxide

13.1.9 Outline the structure of the kidney, limited to the cortex, medulla and ureter