In a certain breed of dog, the allele for red-colored tongue (T) is dominant to the allele for purple tongue (t). A researcher collected data on 48 dogs bred from a cross between a red-tongued dog and a purple-tongued dog. Of the 48 offspring, 36 had red tongues, and 12 had purple tongues. Calculate the chi-squared value for the null hypothesis, assuming that the red-tongued dog was heterozygous for the tongue-color gene.

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