People who become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk of developing HIV/AIDs, particularly if antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not available. P. jirovecii produces an enzyme known as 1,3- $$$\beta$$$-D-glucan synthase. The enzyme catalyses the synthesis of $$$1,3-\beta$$$-D-glucan. The therapeutic drug caspofungin is a non-competitive inhibitor of $$$1,3-\beta$$$-D-glucan synthase. With reference to the mechanism of action of caspofungin, explain how the drug may be useful to treat cases of pneumonia caused by P. jirovecii. ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . ............................................................................................................................................... . .........................................................................................................................................

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9700_w24_qp_22 Year：2024 Question No：2(e)

Answer:

Knowledge points:

4.2.1 describe and explain the processes of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

4.2.2 investigate simple diffusion and osmosis using plant tissue and non-living materials, including dialysis (Visking) tubing and agar

4.2.3 illustrate the principle that surface area to volume ratios decrease with increasing size by calculating surface areas and volumes of simple 3-D shapes (as shown in the Mathematical requirements)

4.2.4 investigate the effect of changing surface area to volume ratio on diffusion using agar blocks of different sizes

4.2.5 investigate the effects of immersing plant tissues in solutions of different water potentials, using the results to estimate the water potential of the tissues

4.2.6 explain the movement of water between cells and solutions in terms of water potential and explain the different effects of the movement of water on plant cells and animal cells (knowledge of solute potential and pressure potential is not expected)

Answer:

Knowledge points:

Solution:

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