Scientists use many different techniques in genetic engineering. DNA ligase and DNA polymerase are two enzymes that are used in genetic engineering. Complete Table 8.1 to show the roles of DNA ligase and DNA polymerase in genetic engineering. Use a tick $$$(\checkmark)$$$ if the enzyme has the role or a cross $$$(X)$$$ if the enzyme does not have the role. Table 8.1

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9700_w24_qp_43 Year：2024 Question No：8(b)

Answer:

Knowledge points:

19.1.1 define the term recombinant DNA

19.1.10 outline how microarrays are used in the analysis of genomes and in detecting mRNA in studies of gene expression

19.1.11 outline the benefits of using databases that provide information about nucleotide sequences of genes and genomes, and amino acid sequences of proteins and protein structures

19.1.2 explain that genetic engineering is the deliberate manipulation of genetic material to modify specific characteristics of an organism and that this may involve transferring a gene into an organism so that the gene is expressed

19.1.3.1 extracted from the DNA of a donor organism

19.1.3.2 synthesised from the mRNA of a donor organism

19.1.3.3 synthesised chemically from nucleotides

19.1.4 explain the roles of restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, plasmids, DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase in the transfer of a gene into an organism

19.1.5 explain why a promoter may have to be transferred into an organism as well as the desired gene

19.1.6 explain how gene expression may be confirmed by the use of marker genes coding for fluorescent products

19.1.7 explain that gene editing is a form of genetic engineering involving the insertion, deletion or replacement of DNA at specific sites in the genome

19.1.8 describe and explain the steps involved in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to clone and amplify DNA, including the role of Taq polymerase

19.1.9 describe and explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments of different lengths

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