The diagram shows the structure of an antibody. Which statements about the antibody are correct? 1 X has a similar shape to the antigen. $$$2 \quad \mathrm{Y}$$$ is the hinge region held by disulfide bonds. $$$3 \quad Z$$$ is a constant region which binds to receptors on B-lymphocytes.

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9700_s25_qp_13 Year：2025 Question No：36

Answer:

11.2.1 relate the molecular structure of antibodies to their functions

11.2.2 outline the hybridoma method for the production of monoclonal antibodies

11.2.3 outline the principles of using monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of disease and in the treatment of disease

11.2.4 describe the differences between active immunity and passive immunity and between natural immunity and artificial immunity

11.2.5 explain that vaccines contain antigens that stimulate immune responses to provide long-term immunity

11.2.6 explain how vaccination programmes can help to control the spread of infectious diseases