The llama is also classified in the family Camelidae. Llamas live in mountainous areas of South America, often at altitudes of 3500 m or higher. As the altitude above sea level increases, the air pressure decreases. The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs of mammals at 3500 m is 6.4 kPa . Fig. 2.3 shows the oxygen dissociation curve of adult human haemoglobin and adult llama haemoglobin. (i) With reference to Fig. 2.3, explain how the differences between the oxygen dissociation curves for humans and llamas show that llamas are better adapted for living at high altitudes than humans. ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ................................................................................................................................. (ii) Sketch a curve on Fig. 2.3 to show the effect of an increased carbon dioxide concentration on the percentage saturation of adult human haemoglobin with oxygen. (iii) Explain the importance of the Bohr shift in metabolically active organs, such as the liver. ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . .................................................................................................................................

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