Water is needed by all organisms. State two processes in organisms that use water as a solvent. 1 2

3.1.1 Define diffusion as the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement

3.1.2 Describe the importance of diffusion of gases and solutes

3.1.3 State that substances move into and out of cells by diffusion through the cell membrane

3.1.4 State that the energy for diffusion comes from the kinetic energy of random movement of molecules and ions

3.1.5 Investigate the factors that influence diffusion, limited to surface area, temperature, concentration gradients and distance

4.1.1 List the chemical elements that make up: – carbohydrates – fats – proteins

4.1.10 Describe the roles of water as a solvent in organisms with respect to digestion, excretion and transport

4.1.2 State that large molecules are made from smaller molecules, limited to: – starch and glycogen from glucose – cellulose from glucose – proteins from amino acids – fats and oils from fatty acids and glycerol

4.1.3 Describe the use of: – iodine solution to test for starch – Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugars – biuret test for proteins – ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils – DCPIP test for vitamin C

4.1.4 Describe the use of: – iodine solution to test for starch – Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugars – biuret test for proteins – ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils – DCPIP test for vitamin C

4.1.5 Describe the use of: – iodine solution to test for starch – Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugars – biuret test for proteins – ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils – DCPIP test for vitamin C

4.1.6 State that water is important as a solvent

4.1.7 Explain that different sequences of amino acids give different shapes to protein molecules

4.1.8 Relate the shape and structure of protein molecules to their function, limited to the active site of enzymes and the binding site of antibodies

4.1.9 Describe the structure of DNA as: – two strands coiled together to form a double helix – each strand contains chemicals called bases – cross-links between the strands are formed by pairs of bases – the bases always pair up in the same way: A with T, and C with G (full names are not required)