Which adaptive feature of sperm provides the energy that enables it to swim?

16.4.1 Identify and name on diagrams of the male reproductive system: the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis, and state the functions of these parts

16.4.10 Outline the processes involved in labour and birth, limited to

16.4.11 Compare male and female gametes in terms of size, structure, motility and numbers

16.4.12 Explain the adaptive features of sperm, limited to flagellum, mitochondria and enzymes in the acrosome

16.4.13 Explain the adaptive features of egg cells, limited to energy stores and the jelly coat that changes at fertilisation

16.4.14 Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products and providing a barrier to toxins and pathogens (structural details are not required)

16.4.15 State that some toxins, e.g. nicotine, and pathogens, e.g. rubella virus, can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus

16.4.16 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk

16.4.2 Identify and name on diagrams of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina, and state the functions of these parts

16.4.3 Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell/ovum)

16.4.4 State the adaptive features of sperm, limited to flagellum and the presence of enzymes

16.4.5 State the adaptive features of egg cells, limited to energy stores and a jelly coating that changes after fertilisation

16.4.6 State that in early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the wall of the uterus

16.4.7 State the functions of the umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

16.4.8 Outline the growth and development of the fetus in terms of increasing complexity in the early stages and increasing size towards the end of pregnancy

16.4.9 Describe the antenatal care of pregnant women, limited to special dietary needs and the harm from smoking and alcohol consumption