The main constituent of natural gas is hydrocarbon $$\(X\)$$. To which homologous series does $$\(X\)$$ belong and how many atoms are in one molecule of $$\(X\)$$ ?

11.3.2. Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas

11.3.3. State that hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

11.3.4. State that petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons

11.3.5. Describe the separation of petroleum into useful fractions by fractional distillation

11.3.6. Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to:

11.3.6.1. decreasing chain length

11.3.6.2. higher volatility

11.3.6.3. lower boiling points

11.3.6.4. lower viscosity

11.3.7.1. refinery gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking

11.3.7.2. gasoline / petrol fraction for fuel used in cars

11.3.7.3. naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock

11.3.7.4. kerosene / paraffin fraction for jet fuel

11.3.7.5. diesel oil / gas oil fraction for fuel used in diesel engines

11.3.7.6. fuel oil fraction for fuel used in ships and home heating systems

11.3.7.7. lubricating oil fraction for lubricants, waxes and polishes

11.3.7.8. bitumen fraction for making roads

11.4.1. State that the bonding in alkanes is single covalent and that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

11.4.2. Describe the properties of alkanes as being generally unreactive, except in terms of combustion and substitution by chlorine

11.4.3. State that in a substitution reaction one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

11.4.4. Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine as a photochemical reaction, with ultraviolet light providing the activation energy, Ea, and draw the structural or displayed formulae of the products, limited to monosubstitution