$$$\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8}$$$ reacts with an excess of $$$\mathrm{H}_{2}$$$ to produce $$$\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10}$$$. $$\[ \text { reaction } 1 \quad \mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10} \]$$ (i) Name a catalyst for reaction 1 . (ii) Define activation energy, $$$E_{\mathrm{A}}$$$. . (iii) The Boltzmann distribution for the reaction mixture in reaction 1 is shown in Fig. 3.1. Use the Boltzmann distribution to explain the effect of adding a catalyst on the rate of reaction. . . .

Chemistry

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9701_s25_qp_23 Year：2025 Question No：3(b)

Answer:

Knowledge points:

8.2.1 define activation energy, $ E_{\mathrm{a}}$, as the minimum energy required for a collision to be effective

8.2.2 sketch and use the Boltzmann distribution to explain the significance of activation energy

8.2.3 explain qualitatively, in terms both of the Boltzmann distribution and of frequency of effective collisions, the effect of temperature change on the rate of a reaction

8.3.1.1 explain that, in the presence of a catalyst, a reaction has a different mechanism, i.e. one of lower activation energy

8.3.1.2 explain this catalytic effect in terms of the Boltzmann distribution

8.3.1.3 construct and interpret a reaction pathway diagram, for a reaction in the presence and absence of an effective catalyst

Answer:

Knowledge points:

Solution:

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