Reduced Migration to the United States (US) The factors of production land, labour, capital and enterprise form the basis for all economic output. Whilst land is geographically fixed, the other factors of production, for example labour, are mobile. Large numbers of migrants move from country to country every year. Many migrate to the US. The average increase in the number of migrants working in the US was 0.6 million per year until 2018. However, the Covid-19 restrictions in place since 2019 prevented migration and by 2022 the total number of migrants working in the US was nearly 2 million lower than expected. Half of migrants initially come as students, to be college educated, often in science-based subjects. Post-graduation, they often remain to work in the high-tech industries, before many return to their home countries with enhanced skills. Well-educated immigrants are three times more likely to start businesses than inhabitants of the US. The reduction in the number of new migrants would reduce the number of new businesses and this, in turn, would reduce job creation by an estimated 200000. The remaining non-college educated migrants work mainly in lower-paid sectors such as retail and agriculture. They also play an important role in industries such as hospitality and food-related services. Many of the migrants send money to family members who remain in their home countries. Fig. 1.1 shows the relationship between job vacancies in various industries and the share of migrant workers in the workforces of these industries in the US. Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics and Current Population Survey, US Census Bureau Fig. 1.1: Unfilled job vacancies (\%) and migrant workers in the workforce (\%) for selected US industries, 2019 The reduction in migrants took place at the same time as more older US workers retired. Mexicans and Central Americans form the largest share of migrants, at over $$\(35 \%\)$$ of the total. Average incomes in their home countries are between $$\(10 \%\)$$ and $$\(20 \%\)$$ of the US average. There is also significant unemployment and under-employment in their home countries. In the US, migrants earn on average $$\(12 \%\)$$ less than the average wage for all workers. This varies by ethnic origin: Hispanic workers earn $$\(16 \%\)$$ less than the average while white workers earn $$\(15 \%\)$$ more than average. Sources: G Peri and R Zaiour, University of California, Davis. The EconoFact Network, Statista.com N Ward and J Batalova, Migration Policy Institute, 14 March 2023 Identify the relationship between the variables shown in Fig. 1.1 and suggest one possible reason for the relationship.

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