Read sections A-C of a magazine article about dreaming. Then answer Question 9(a)-(h). Imagine the following scene. You go to your local supermarket to buy some milk, but when you put it into your shopping basket, it becomes a talking fish. You then realise that school starts in five minutes, but you are still wearing your pyjamas and you left your books at your grandmother's house. Then you suddenly wake up, and wonder what it was all about. How can a dream like that be explained? Some people might argue that a dream consists of a series of routine past events that your brain mixes up and replays, as if it is testing the connections between them. So could it be a way of ensuring that you recall these events in the future? Another explanation is that a dream is connected to inner feelings that the person may not even be aware of. The objects in the dream and the order of events all have a particular meaning and need to be explained by an expert. One thing we do know is that the question of why we dream tends to divide scientists. All sorts of theories have been proposed, although it is almost impossible to prove any of them. And that's because there's no way of recording dreams accurately, and their content is often heavily influenced by our feelings. It could even be the case that dreaming is simply brain activity that lacks any function, and can't be explained in any other way. But there is a new theory about why we dream. For many of us, our daily lives consist of a series of fixed routines - we do the same things at the same times each day, and we don't often experience unusual situations. Therefore our brains deliberately introduce something weird into our dreams so that we are able to cope better when something unexpected actually occurs later in real life. An assistant professor called Erik Hoel came up with this idea about dreams after spending some time looking into artificial intelligence, which is the way that computers or robots are programmed to learn. He noted that a computer quickly becomes familiar with the data being used to train it. As a result, the computer expects that everything it encounters in the future will follow the same pattern - which is unlikely to be the case. Therefore, at this stage of programming, a new set of very different data has to be entered. The computer then has to work out a way to deal with the new data. In doing so, it is almost as if the computer is learning to think for itself. It occurred to Hoel that the human brain works in a very similar way, and this led him to propose his recent theory about dreams. For each question, write the correct letter A, B or C on the line. Which section includes the following information? $$\(\begin{array}{ll}\text { (a) the suggestion that dreams do not have a purpose } & \ldots . . . . . .[1] \\ \text { (b) the suggestion that dreams are connected to memory } & \ldots . . . . . .[1] \\ \text { (c) how scientists deal with a potential issue } & \ldots . . . . .[1] \\ \text { (d) the idea that dreams represent hidden emotions } & \ldots . . . . .[1] \\ \text { (e) reasons why scientists disagree about why we dream } & \ldots . . . . .[1] \\ \text { (f) an example of a strange dream } & \ldots . . . . .[1] \\ \text { (g) how strange dreams might help people to manage future challenges } & \ldots . . . . . .[1] \\ \text { (h) some research which inspired a scientist to suggest a theory } & \ldots . . . . .[1]\end{array}\)$$

Answer:

B
A
C
A
B
A
B
C

Knowledge points:

Solution: