By the end of 1917 a Bolshevik dictatorship had been established. Why were some groups in Russia willing to go to war to oppose Bolshevik rule?

Level 4: Explains two reasons. 6 marks
Level 3: Explains one reason. 4-5 marks
Four marks for one explanation, five marks for explanation supported by specific contextual knowledge.
- Some groups were led by military leaders of the Tsarist regime. People like General Kornilov were fighting to bring back Tsarist rule to the country. They hated the Bolsheviks and wanted a return to the 'old Russia'.

Level 2: Identifies or describes valid reason(s); addresses the question but does not explain. 2-3 marks

One Level 2 mark for each identification/description.
- Some wanted the Tsar restored.
- Landlords who had lost land in the revolution.
- Foreign troops who wanted Russia back in the First World War.
- Mensheviks who opposed the Bolsheviks.
- Liberals who wanted reforms but not Bolshevik rule.

Level 1: Writes about the topic but does not address the question. 1 mark
- There were many groups that fought against the Bolsheviks like the liberals and soldiers from foreign nations. They had many reasons to go against Bolshevik rule.

Accept all valid responses.
Level 0: No creditable response. 0 marks