A student investigates the cooling of a liquid in a beaker. The temperature $$\(\theta_{\mathrm{R}}\)$$ of the laboratory is measured using a thermometer. The thermometer measures the temperature of the water. At time $$\(t\)$$ the temperature of the water is $$\(\theta\)$$. A series of readings of $$\(t\)$$ and $$\(\theta\)$$ are taken. It is suggested that $$\(\theta\)$$ and $$\(t\)$$ are related by the equation $$\[ \theta=\theta_{\mathrm{R}}+\left(\theta_{0}-\theta_{\mathrm{R}}\right) \mathrm{e}^{-\left(\frac{t}{K}\right)} \]$$ where $$\(\theta_{0}\)$$ is the temperature at $$\(t=0\)$$ and $$\(K\)$$ is a constant. (b)Values of $$\(t\)$$ and $$\(\theta\)$$ are given in Table 2.1. Calculate and record values of $$\(\left(\theta-\theta_{\mathrm{R}}\right) /{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)$$ and $$\(\ln \left(\left(\theta-\theta_{\mathrm{R}}\right) /{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\)$$ in Table 2.1. Include the absolute uncertainties in $$\(\left(\theta-\theta_{\mathrm{R}}\right)\)$$ and $$\(\ln \left(\left(\theta-\theta_{\mathrm{R}}\right) /{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\)$$ . [2]

Physics
IGCSE&ALevel
CAIE
Exam No:9702_m25_qp_52 Year:2025 Question No:2(b)

Answer:



Knowledge points:

1.3.1 understand that the avogadro constant Na is the number of atoms in 0.012kg of carbon-12
1.3.2 use molar quantities where one mole of any substance is the amount containing a number of particles equal to the avogadro constant Na
14.1.1 appreciate that (thermal) energy is transferred from a region of equilibrium higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
14.1.2 understand that regions of equal temperature are in thermal equilibrium

Solution:

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