23.1.1 show an appreciation of the association between energy and mass as represented by E = $m c^{2}$ and recall and use this relationship

23.1.2 understand the significance of the terms mass defect and mass excess in nuclear reactions

23.1.3 represent simple nuclear reactions by nuclear equations of the form

23.1.4 define and understand the terms mass defect and binding energy

23.1.5 sketch the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number

23.1.6 explain what is meant by nuclear fusion and nuclear fission

23.1.7 explain the relevance of binding energy per nucleon to nuclear fusion and to nuclear fission

25.1 Standard candles