The mammalian kidney is responsible for: - the excretion of urea - osmoregulation (the homeostatic control of the water potential of the blood). Outline how and where the excretory product urea is made in the body. ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ................................................................................................................................. (ii) Homeostatic control of the water potential of blood includes receptors, effectors and target cells. Identify the names and locations of these components of homeostatic control in osmoregulation. ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................................................................................... . .................................................................................................................................

Biology

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9700_w24_qp_43 Year：2024 Question No：6(a)

Answer:

Knowledge points:

10.1.1 state that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and are transmissible

10.1.2.1 cholera – caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae

10.1.2.2 malaria – caused by the protoctists Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax

10.1.2.3 tuberculosis (TB) – caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis

10.1.2.4 HIV/AIDS – caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

10.1.3 explain how cholera, malaria, TB and HIV are transmitted

10.1.4 discuss the biological, social and economic factors that need to be considered in the prevention and control of cholera, malaria, TB and HIV (details of the life cycle of the malarial parasite are not expected)

14.1.1 explain what is meant by homeostasis and the importance of homeostasis in mammals

14.1.10 explain how negative feedback control mechanisms regulate blood glucose concentration, with reference to the effects of insulin on muscle cells and liver cells and the effect of glucagon on liver cells

14.1.11 explain the principles of operation of test strips and biosensors for measuring the concentration of glucose in blood and urine, with reference to glucose oxidase and peroxidase enzymes

14.1.2 explain the principles of homeostasis in terms of internal and external stimuli, receptors, coordination systems (nervous system and endocrine system), effectors (muscles and glands) and negative feedback

14.1.3 state that urea is produced in the liver from the deamination of excess amino acids

14.1.4.1 fibrous capsule

14.1.4.2 cortex

14.1.4.3 medulla

14.1.4.4 renal pelvis

14.1.4.5 ureter

14.1.4.6 branches of the renal artery and renal vein

14.1.5.1 glomerulus

14.1.5.2 Bowman’s capsule

14.1.5.3 proximal convoluted tubule

14.1.5.4 loop of Henle

14.1.5.5 distal convoluted tubule

14.1.5.6 collecting duct

14.1.6.1 the formation of glomerular filtrate by ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule

14.1.6.2 selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

14.1.7 relate the detailed structure of the Bowman’s capsule and proximal convoluted tubule to their functions in the formation of urine

14.1.8 describe the roles of the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aquaporins and collecting ducts in osmoregulation

14.1.9.1 binding of hormone to cell surface receptor causing conformational change

14.1.9.2 activation of G-protein leading to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase

14.1.9.3 formation of the second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP)

14.1.9.4 activation of protein kinase A by cAMP leading to initiation of an enzyme cascade

14.1.9.5 amplification of the signal through the enzyme cascade as a result of activation of more and more enzymes by phosphorylation

14.1.9.6 cellular response in which the final enzyme in the pathway is activated, catalysing the breakdown of glycogen

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