Consider the relative merits of gross national income (GNI) and the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) as measures of the standard of living.

Economics

IGCSE&ALevel

CAIE

Exam No：9708_w23_qp_42 Year：2023 Question No：5

Answer:

11.3.1 classification of economies in terms of their level of development

11.3.2 classification of economies in terms of their level of national income

11.3.3.1 monetary indicators including real per capita national income statistics (GDP, GNI, NNI) and purchasing power parity

11.3.3.2 issues of comparison using monetary indicators

11.3.3.3 non-monetary indicators

11.3.3.4.1 Human Development Index (HDI)

11.3.3.4.2 Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW)

11.3.3.4.3 Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

11.3.3.5 the Kuznets curve

11.3.4.1 over time

11.3.4.2 between countries

11.4.1.1 measurement and causes of changes in birth rate, death rate, infant mortality and net migration

4.1.1 meaning of national income

4.1.2.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

4.1.2.2 Gross National Income (GNI)

4.1.2.3 Net National Income (NNI)

4.1.3 adjustment of measures from market prices to basic prices

4.1.4 adjustment of measures from gross values to net values

8.2.1 difference between equity and equality

8.2.2 difference between equity and efficiency

8.2.3 distinction between absolute poverty and relative poverty

8.2.4 the poverty trap

8.2.5.1 negative income tax

8.2.5.2 universal benefits and means-tested benefits

8.2.5.3 universal basic income

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