Individuals were crucial to the achievement of Italian unification. 'Cavour hindered the unification of Italy.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

Level 5: Explains both sides and supports a valid judgement on 'how far'. 10 marks

One explanation or more on each side.
- Although Cavour was not at first an Italian nationalist, he was able to go along with events and use them. He made use of Napoleon III and Garibaldi and by 1860 he had brought about the unification of most of Italy. His opposition to Garibaldi did not harm unification, Cavour was just making sure that unification stayed under the control of Piedmont and not the revolutionaries.

Level 4: Explains both sides. 7-9 marks
For candidates to be awarded this level they must have one explanation on each side.

Seven marks for one explanation on each side; one additional mark for each additional explanation on either side.

Level 3: Explains one side. 4-6 marks
One Level 3 mark for each explanation.
- I disagree with this. Cavour actually helped the unification of Italy. He did this by making an agreement with Napoleon III to expel the Austrians from Lombardy and Venetia. Although the events did not go completely to plan, he did gain Lombardy for Piedmont and then soon after Tuscany joined. This was the beginning of the unification of Italy.
OR
- Cavour did hinder Italian unification. He was not an Italian nationalist and was actually interested in making Piedmont more powerful by acquiring Lombardy and Venice. When Garibaldi set sail for Sicily, Cavour tried to stop him and was very worried when Garibaldi then went on to conquer Naples. This shows that he did try to get in the way of unification.
Level 2: Identifies or describes valid points; addresses the question but does not explain. 2-3 marks

One Level 2 mark for each identification/description.
- The agreement at Plombières in 1858.
- The war against Austria.
- The acquisition of Lombardy.
- The acquisition of Tuscany.
- Managed to make use of Garibaldi's victories in the South.
- Naples joined a unified Italy.
- He was mainly interested in making Piedmont strong.
- He did not approve of Garibaldi's actions.
- He tried to stop Garibaldi going to Sicily.

Level 1: Writes about the topic but does not address the question. 1 mark
- Cavour did a lot to help the unification of Italy although not everybody agreed with his methods.

Accept all valid responses.
Level 0: No creditable response. 0 marks