Compounds $$\(\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}\)$$ and $$\(\mathbf{C}\)$$ belong to the alcohol homologous series. Each molecule of $$\(\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}\)$$ and $$\(\mathbf{C}\)$$ contains four saturated carbon atoms. (i) Identify the type of hybridisation shown in the saturated carbon atoms of all alcohols. (ii) Identify the gas produced when $$\(\mathrm{Na}(\mathrm{s})\)$$ is added to separate samples of each alcohol. (iii) Describe the role of $$\(\mathrm{Na}(\mathrm{s})\)$$ when it reacts with alcohols.
Exam No：9701_s25_qp_22 Year：2025 Question No：4(c)
Answer:
Knowledge points:
13.3.1 describe organic molecules as either straight-chained, branched or cyclic
13.3.2 describe and explain the shape of, and bond angles in, molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms
13.3.3 describe the arrangement of σ and π bonds in molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms
13.3.4 understand and use the term planar when describing the arrangement of atoms in organic molecules, for example ethene
16.1.1.1 electrophilic addition of steam to an alkene, catalyst
16.1.1.2 reaction of alkenes with cold dilute acidified potassium manganate(VII) to form a diol
16.1.1.3 substitution of a halogenoalkane using NaOH(aq) and heat
16.1.1.4 reduction of an aldehyde or ketone using
16.1.1.5 reduction of a carboxylic acid using
16.1.1.6 hydrolysis of an ester using dilute acid or dilute alkali and heat
16.1.2.1 the reaction with oxygen (combustion)
16.1.2.2 substitution to halogenoalkanes
16.1.2.3 the reaction with Na(s)
16.1.2.4 oxidation with acidified or acidified to:
16.1.2.5 carbonyl compounds by distillation
16.1.2.6 carboxylic acids by refluxing (primary alcohols give aldehydes which can be further oxidised to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols give ketones, tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised)
16.1.2.7 dehydration to an alkene, by using a heated catalyst, e.g. or a concentrated acid
16.1.2.8 formation of esters by reaction with carboxylic acids and concentrated or as catalyst as exemplified by ethanol
16.1.3.1 classify alcohols as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, to include examples with more than one alcohol group
16.1.3.2 state characteristic distinguishing reactions, e.g. mild oxidation with acidified K2Cr2O7, colour change from orange to green
16.1.4 deduce the presence of a group in an alcohol, , from its reaction with alkaline (aq) to form a yellow precipitate of tri-iodomethane and an ion,
16.1.5 explain the acidity of alcohols compared with water
Solution:
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